A patent is an intellectual property right granted by the government to an inventor of a machine, process, composition of matter, or article of manufacturing. The invention must be “new, useful, and non-obvious.” An invention’s ability to meet this criteria is referred to as its patentability.
Patents are mentioned in the constitution, along with copyrights. The founding fathers included these provisions, “To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.”
How do Patents work?
Patents are an intellectual property right issued by the government and managed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). They are treated the same as other property rights guaranteed by the constitution, like the right to own a home or a car. Having a patent gives you monopoly control over the technology that you have invented. Once a patent is in place, other parties must obtain your permission before they can make, use, or sell your invention. Patent law was established to encourage inventors to share their new technology with the world. By giving inventors a limited-time monopoly over their inventions, they could safely sell or manufacture it. However, in return for receiving the patent, the inventor would have to tell the government how they created the machine, process, composition of matter or article of manufacturing. Details of the invention would also be published, which allowed other inventors to benefit from their technological breakthrough. The idea for patents came out of England in the 1600’s. At that time, the iron industry was heavily unionized and kept tight control over the processes that allowed them to manufacture iron. The government became concerned that this gave unions and iron producers too much power, so they invented the concept of patents. The process for creating iron became public knowledge, but some control was retained by the iron industry over their inventions. Patents provided a boost to technological innovation, while simultaneously ensuring inventors have the ability to recoup money for their work and have legal recourse available if their invention is stolen. In the United States, patents are limited to 20 years from the earliest patent application filing date; however, this can be extended via a patent term adjustment. Once a patent has expired, the invention enters the public domain and is free to use for any purpose.Types of Patents
- Design patent A design patent covers product designs. For example, the iPhone has a design patent on its rounded corners as they were considered a unique invention at the time when they first applied for the patent. Apple also has a copyright on their iPhone to restrict who can manufacture their product.
- Utility patent A utility patent covers an invention which has a “use” to it. For example, a new process for creating a chemical could be patented.
- Plant patent A plant patent is granted to an inventor who has produced a distinct and new variety of a plant, other than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state.
